SEMINAR REPORT
ON
4G Cellular Network
Seminar Presented
By
Pavan
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that ANIL CHANDE has successfully completed his seminar on
4G Cellular Network
In partial fulfillment of 3rd year degree course in Information Technology in the academic year 2006-07.
Date: 06 th Jan 2007
Prof. N. P. Pathak Prof. S. B. Balravat
H. O. D Seminar Guide
IT Department IT Department
VIIT, Pune VIIT, Pune
Prof. Dr. A. S. TAVILDAR
Principal
VIIT, Pune
BRACT’s Vishwkarma Institute of Information Technology, Pune – 48
Department of Information Technology
Survey No. 2/3/4, Kondhwa (Bk), Pune – 411048.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I feel great pleasure in submitting this seminar report on “4G Cellular Network”. I wish to express true sense of gratitude towards my seminar guide,
Prof. Ms. S. B. Balrawat who at very discrete step in study of this seminar contributed her valuable guidance and help to solve every problem that arose.
I would wish to thank our H.O.D. Prof. Mr. N. P. Pathak for opening the doors of the department towards the realization of the seminar report.
Most likely I would like to express my sincere gratitude towards my family for always being there when I needed them the most. With all respect and gratitude, I would like to thank all the people, who have helped me directly or indirectly. I owe my all success to them.
Anil Chande
Roll NO: -311
T.E.IT (VIIT), Pune
BRACT’s Vishwkarma Institute of Information Technology, Pune – 48
Department of Information Technology
Survey No. 2/3/4, Kondhwa (Bk), Pune – 411048.
ABSTRACT
The fourth-generation mobile communication systems are expected to become the infrastructure for the future, offering enhanced convenience and economic performance for the use in life, as well as higher reliability and security as compared to the third generation mobile systems (IMT-2000) through the realization of faster transmission speed, wider bandwidth communications and seamless connections with other systems (e.g. mobile communication, broadcasting)
This report documents the work carried out on the systems beyond third generation mobile wireless networks. This is why it has been suitably titled as 4G (fourth generation) mobile wireless networks. The aim of this research line is to give the all over information for 4G mobile wireless networks. An investigation, comparison, and evaluation of 1G, 2G, 2.5G, 3G and 4G systems, using a mobile terminal such as a cell phone will be carried out.
Research has also been carried out in markets and applications, network evolution and radio access for 4G. Initiatives have also been identified that will have an impact on the development of 4G and how it will diverge along with its concerns. The selection of multiple access techniques suitable for 4G and 3G standards that will integrate with 4G have also been addressed. Many enabling techniques including software radio, smart antennas and digital signal processing aspects are improving the spectral efficiency of 3G systems and have been marked as suitable technologies for 4G.
INDEX
Chapter Page No.
Introduction to 4G……………………………………………………………. ..06
History of 4G…………………………………………………………………... 07
What is 4G……………………………………………………………………....10
What is needed to build 4G network?...................................................................14
Architecture in prospects………………………………………………………...16
5.1 End to end architecture………………….………………………………….16
5.2 Middleware archiecture…………………..………………………………...17
5.3 Relay network architecture………………………….……………………...17
5.4 Overlay network………………………..…………………………………...20
6. Basic model for 4G……………………………………………………………….22
7. Quality of service………………………………………………………………....24
8. Security…………………………………………………………………………...26
9. Applications……………………………………………………………………....27
10. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………..29
11. References………………………………………………………………………...30
FIGURE INDEX
Figure Page No.
1. History of mobile networks……………………………………………………..9
2. 4G mobile communication……………………………………………………...13
3. Multihop architecture…………………………………………………………...19
4. Overlay networks……………………………………………………………….21
5. Basic model of 4G……………………………………………………………...23
1. INTRODUCTION
The approaching 4G (fourth generation) mobile communication systems are projected to solve still-remaining problems of 3G (third generation) systems and to provide a wide variety of new services, from high-quality voice to high-definition video to high-data-rate wireless channels. The term 4G is used broadly to include several types of broadband wireless access communication systems, not only cellular telephone systems. One of the terms used to describe 4G is MAGIC—Mobile multimedia, Anytime anywhere, Global mobility support, Integrated wireless solution, and Customized personal service. As a promise for the future, 4G systems, that is, cellular broadband wireless access systems, have been attracting much interest in the mobile communication arena. The 4G systems not only will support the next generation of mobile service, but also will support the fixed wireless networks.
Researchers and vendors are expressing a growing interest in 4G wireless networks that support global roaming across multiple wireless and mobile networks—for example, from a cellular network to a satellite-based network to a high-bandwidth wireless LAN. With this feature, users will have access to different services, increased coverage, the convenience of a single device, one bill with reduced total access cost, and more reliable wireless access even with the failure or loss of one or more networks. 4G networks will also feature IP interoperability for seamless mobile Internet access and bit rates of 50 Mbps or more.
2. HISTORY
The history and evolution of mobile service from the 1G (first generation) to fourth generation are discussed in this section. Table 1 presents a short history of mobile telephone technologies. This process began with the designs in the 1970s that have become known as 1G. The earliest systems were implemented based on analog technology and the basic cellular structure of mobile communication. Many fundamental problems were solved by these early systems. Numerous incompatible analog systems were placed in service around the world during the 1980s.
The 2G (second generation) systems designed in the 1980s were still used mainly for voice applications but were based on digital technology, including digital signal processing techniques. These 2G systems provided circuit- switched data communication services at a low speed. The competitive rush to design and implement digital systems led again to a variety of different and incompatible standards such as GSM (global system mobile), mainly in Europe; TDMA (time division multiple access) (IS-54/IS-136) in the U.S.; PDC (personal digital cellular) in Japan; and CDMA (code division multiple access) (IS-95), another U.S. system. These systems operate nationwide or internationally and are today's mainstream systems, although the data rate for users in these system is very limited.
During the 1990s, two organizations worked to define the next, or 3G, mobile system, which would eliminate previous incompatibilities and become a truly global system. The 3G system would have higher quality voice channels, as well as broadband data capabilities, up to 2 Mbps. Unfortunately, the two groups could not reconcile their differences, and this decade will see the introduction of two mobile standards for 3G. In addition, China is on the verge of implementing a third 3G system. An interim step is being taken between 2G and 3G, the 2.5G. It is basically an enhancement of the two major 2G technologies to provide increased capacity on the 2G RF (radio frequency) channels and to introduce higher throughput for data service, up to 384 kbps. A very important aspect of 2.5G is that the data channels are optimized for packet data, which introduces access to the Internet from mobile devices, whether telephone, PDA (personal digital assistant), or laptop. However, the demand for higher access speed multimedia communication in today's society, which greatly depends on computer communication in digital format, seems unlimited. According to the historical indication of a generation revolution occurring once a decade, the present appears to be the right time to begin the research on a 4G mobile communication system.
3. What is 4G?
Fourth generation (4G) wireless was originally conceived by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the same organization that developed the wired Internet. It is not surprising, then, that DARPA chose the same distributed architecture for the wireless Internet that had proven so successful in the wired Internet. Although experts and policymakers have yet to agree on all the aspects of 4G wireless, two characteristics have emerged as all but certain components of 4G: end-to-end Internet Protocol (IP), and peer-to-peer networking. An all IP network makes sense because consumers will want to use the same data applications they are used to in wired networks. Peer-to-peer networks, where every device is both a transceiver and a router/repeater for other devices in the network, eliminates this spoke-and-hub weakness of cellular architectures, because the elimination of a single node does not disable the network. The final definition of “4G” will have to include something as simple as this: if a consumer can do it at home or in the office while wired to the Internet, that consumer must be able to do it wirelessly in a fully mobile environment.
Let’s define “4G” as “wireless ad hoc peer-to-peer networking.” 4G technology is
significant because users joining the network add mobile routers to the network infrastructure. Because users carry much of the network with them, network capacity and
coverage is dynamically shifted to accommodate changing user patterns. As people
congregate and create pockets of high demand, they also create additional routes for each
other, thus enabling additional access to network capacity. Users will automatically hop
away from congested routes to less congested routes. This permits the network to
dynamically and automatically self-balance capacity, and increase network utilization. What may not be obvious is that when user devices act as routers, these devices are actually part of the network infrastructure. So instead of carriers subsidizing the cost of user devices (e.g., handsets, PDAs, of laptop computers), consumers actually subsidize and help deploy the network for the carrier. With a cellular infrastructure, users contribute nothing to the network. They are just consumers competing for resources. But in wireless ad hoc peer-to-peer networks, users cooperate – rather than compete – for network resources.
Thus, as the service gains popularity and the number of users increases, service likewise improves for all users. And there is also the 80/20 rule. With traditional wireless networks, about 80% of the cost is for site acquisition and installation, and just 20% is for the technology. Rising land and labor costs means installation costs tend to rise over time, subjecting the service providers’ business models to some challenging issues in the out years. With wireless peer-to-peer networking, however, about 80% of the cost is the technology and only 20% is the installation. Because technology costs tend to decline over time, a current viable business model should only become more profitable over time. The devices will get cheaper, and service providers will reach economies of scale sooner because they will be able to pass on the infrastructure savings to consumers, which will further increase the rate of penetration.
This new generation of wireless is intended to complement and replace the 3G systems, perhaps in 5 to 10 years. Accessing information anywhere, anytime, with a
seamless connection to a wide range of information and services, and receiving a large volume of information, data, pictures, video, and so on, are the keys of the 4G infrastructures. The future 4G infrastructures will consist of a set of various networks using IP (Internet protocol) as a common protocol so that users are in control because they will be able to choose every application and environment. Based on the developing trends of mobile communication, 4G will have broader bandwidth, higher data rate,
and smoother and quicker handoff and will focus on ensuring seamless service across a multitude of wireless systems and networks. The key concept is integrating the 4G capabilities with all of the existing mobile technologies through advanced technologies.
Application adaptability and being highly dynamic are the main features of 4G services of interest to users.
These features mean services can be delivered and be available to the personal preference of different users and support the users' traffic, air interfaces, radio environment, and quality of service. Connection with the network applications can be transferred into various forms and levels correctly and efficiently. The dominant methods
of access to this pool of information will be the mobile telephone, PDA, and laptop to seamlessly access the voice communication, high-speed information services, and entertainment broadcast services. Figure 1 illustrates elements and techniques to support the adaptability of the 4G domain. The fourth generation will encompass all systems from
various networks, public to private; operator-driven broadband networks to personal areas; and ad hoc networks.The 4G systems will interoperate with 2G and 3G systems, as well as with digital (broadband) broadcasting systems. In addition, 4G systems will be fully IP-based wireless Internet. This all-encompassing integrated perspective shows
the broad range of systems that the fourth generation intends to integrate, from satellite broadband to high altitude platform to cellular 3G and 3G systems to WLL (wireless
local loop) and FWA (fixed wireless access) to WLAN (wireless local area network) and PAN (personal area network), all with IP as the integrating mechanism. With 4G, a range of new services and models will be available. These services and models need to be further examined for their interface with the design of 4G systems.
4. What is needed to Build 4G Networks of Future?
A number of spectrum allocation decisions, spectrum standardization decisions, spectrum availability decisions, technology innovations, component development, signal processing and switching enhancements and inter-vendor cooperation have to take place before the vision of 4G will materialize. We think that 3G experiences - good or bad, technological or business - will be useful in guiding the industry in this effort. We are bringing to the attention of professionals in telecommunications industry following issues and problems that must be analyzed and resolved:
* Lower Price Points Only Slightly Higher than Alternatives - The business visionaries should do some economic modeling before they start 4G hype on the same lines as 3G hype. They should understand that 4G data applications like streaming video must compete with very low cost wireline applications. The users would pay only a delta premium (not a multiple) for most wireless applications.
* More Coordination Among Spectrum Regulators Around the World - Spectrum regulation bodies must get involved in guiding the researchers by indicating which frequency band might be used for 4G. FCC in USA must cooperate more actively with International bodies like ITU and perhaps modify its hands-off policy in guiding the industry. When public interest, national security interest and economic interest (inter-industry a la TV versus Telecommunications) are at stake, leadership must come from regulators. At appropriate time, industry builds its own self-regulation mechanisms.
* More Academic Research: Universities must spend more effort in solving fundamental problems in radio communications (especially multiband and wideband radios, intelligent antennas and signal processing.
* Standardization of wireless networks in terms of modulation techniques, switching schemes and roaming is an absolute necessity for 4G.
* A Voice-independent Business Justification Thinking: Business development and technology executives should not bias their business models by using voice channels as economic determinant for data applications. Voice has a built-in demand limit - data applications do not.
* Integration Across Different Network Topologies: Network architects must base their architecture on hybrid network concepts that integrates wireless wide area networks, wireless LANS (IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g, IEEE 802.15 and IEEE 802.16, Bluetooth with fiber-based Internet backbone. Broadband wireless networks must be a part of this integrated network architecture.
* Non-disruptive Implementation: 4G must allow us to move from 3G to 4G.
5. Architectures In Prospects
5.1 End-to-end Service Architectures for 4G Mobile Systems:-
A characteristic of the transition towards 3G systems and beyond is that highly integrated telecommunications service suppliers fail to provide effective economies of scale. This is primarily due to deterioration of vertical integration scalability with innovation speed up. Thus, the new rule for success in 4G telecommunications markets will be to provide one part of the puzzle and to cooperate with other suppliers to create the complete solutions that end customers require.
A direct consequence of these facts is that a radically new end-to-end service architecture will emerge during the deployment of 3G mobile networks and will became prominent as the operating model of choice for the Fourth Generation (4G) Mobile Telecommunications Networks. This novel end-to-end service architecture is inseparable from an equally radical transformation of the role of the telecommunications network operator role in the new value chain of end service provision. In fact, 4G systems will be organized not as monolithic structures deployed by a single business entity, but rather as a dynamic confederation of multiple—sometimes cooperating and sometimes competing—service providers.
End-to-end service architectures should have the following desirable properties:
• Open service and resource allocation model.
• Open capability negotiation and pricing model.
• Trust management. Mechanisms for managing trust relationships among clients and service providers, and between service providers, based on trusted third party monitors..
• Collaborative service constellations.
• Service fault tolerance.
5.2 Middleware Architecture:-
The service middleware is decomposed into three layers; i.e. user support layer, service support layer and network support layer. The criterion for useing a layered approach is to reuse the existing subsystems in the traditional middleware. The user support layer has autonomous agent aspects that traditional service middleware lacks. It consists of 4 sub-systems: ‘Personalization’, ‘Adaptation’, ‘Community’ and ‘Coordination’, to provide mechanisms for context awareness and support for communities and coordination. Introduction of this functional layer enables
the reduction of unnecessary user interaction with the system and the provision of user-centric services realized by applying agent concepts, to support analysis of the current context, personalization depending on the user’s situation, and negotiation for service usage.
The middle layer, the service support layer, contains most functionality of traditional middleware. The bottom layer, the network layer supports connectivity for
all-IP networks. The dynamic service delivery pattern defines a powerful interaction model to negotiate the conditions of service delivery by using three subsystems:
‘Discovery & Advertisement’, ‘Contract Notary’ and ‘Authentication & Authorization’.
5.3 Cellular Multihop Communications: Infrastructure-Based Relay Network Architecture:-
It is clear that more fundamental enhancements are necessary for the very ambitious throughput and coverage requirements of future networks. Towards that end, in addition to advanced transmission techniques and antenna technologies, some major modifications in the wireless network architecture itself, which will enable effective distribution and collection of signals to and from wireless users, are sought. The integration of “multihop” capability into the conventional wireless networks is perhaps the most promising architectural upgrade.
In a multihop network, a signal from a source may reach its destination in multiple hops (whenever necessary) through the use of “relays”. Since we are here concerned with infrastructure-based networks, either the source or destination is a common point in the network - base station (or, access point, in the context of WLANs). The potential advantage of relaying is that it allows substituting a poor-quality (due to high pathloss) single-hop wireless link with a composite, two- or more hop, better-quality link whenever possible. Relaying is not only efficient in eliminating black spots throughout the coverage region, but more importantly, it may extend the high data rate coverage range of a single BS; therefore cost-effective high data rate coverage may be possible through the augmentation of the relaying capability in conventional cellular networks.
Advantages:-
• Property owners can install their own access points.
– Spreads infrastructure cost.
• Reduced network access operational cost.
– Backbone access through wireless.
– Wired access through DSL at aggregation points.
• Ad hoc-like characteristics:
– Access points configure into access network.
– Some access points may be moving (bus, train).
• Multihop also could reduce costs in heterogeneous 3G networks.
– 802.11 to GPRS for example.
Example of Multihop Architecture:-
5.4 Overlay network:-
In this architecture, a user accesses an overlay network consisting of several universal access points. These UAPs in turn select a wireless network based on availability, QoS specifications, and userdefined choices. A UAP performs protocol and frequency translation, content adaptation, and QoS negotiation-renegotiation on behalf of users. The overlay network, rather than the user or device, performs handoffs as the user moves from one UAP to another. A UAP stores user, network, and device information, capabilities, and preferences. Because UAPs can keep track of the various resources a caller uses, this architecture supports single billing and subscription.
Figure 1. Possible 4G wireless network architectures. (a) A multimode device lets the user, device, or network initiate handoff between networks without the need for network modifi- cation or interworking devices. (b) An overlay network—consisting of several universal access points (UAPs) that store user, network, and device information—performs a handoff as the user moves from one UAP to another. (c) A device capable of automatically switching between networks is possible if wireless networks can support a common protocol to access a satellite-based network and another protocol for terrestrial networks.
6. A Basic Model for 4G Networks
QoS, security and mobility can be viewed as three different, indispensable aspects in 4G networks; however all are related to network nodes involving the controlling or the processing of IP packets for end-to-end flows between an MN and the CN. I show in this section how we view the 4G network infrastructure.
Two Planes: Functional Decomposition
Noting that an IP network element (such as a router) comprises of numerous functional components that cooperate to provide such desired service (such as, mobility, QoS and/or AAA – Authentication, Authorization and Accounting), we identify these
components in the SeaSoS architecture into two planes, namely the control plane and the data plane.
Fig. 1 illustrates this method of flexible functional composition in 4G networks. As we are mainly concerned with network elements effectively at the network layer, we do not show a whole end-to-end communication picture through a whole OSI or TCP/IP
stack. The control plane performs control related actions such as AAA, MIP registration, QoS signaling, installation/maintenance of traffic selectors and security associations, etc., while the data plane is responsible for data traffic behaviors (such as classification, scheduling and forwarding) for end-to-end traffic flows. Some components located in the control plane interact, through installing and maintaining certain control states for data
plane, with data plane components in some network elements, such as access routers (ARs), IntServ [4] nodes or DiffServ [5] edge routers. However, not all control plane components need to exist in all network elements, and also not all network elements (e.g., AAA server) are involved with data plane functionalities.
I refer these cases as path-decoupled control and other cases as pathcoupled control. We argue the separation and coordination of control plane and data plane is critical for seamless mobility with QoS and security support in 4G networks, with the reasons as follows. Per-flow or per-user level actions occur much less frequent than per-packet actions, while per-packet actions are part of critical forwarding behavior, which involves very few control actions (which are typically simply to read and enforce according the install state during forwarding data). Actually, this separation concept is not new – routing protocols have the similar abstraction together used with the traditional IP packet delivery, this abstraction is recently being investigated in the IETF ForCES working group. However, we emphasize the three critical dimensions of future 4G networks: mobility, QoS and security, as well as other new emerging or replacement components might appear, integrated into a unified framework and allowing more extensibility for 4G networks design.
7. Quality of Service (QoS):-
The Internet provides users with diverse and essential quality of service (QoS),
particularly given the increasing demand for a wide spectrum of network services.
Many services, previously only provided by traditional circuit-switched networks, can
now be provided on the Internet. These services, depending on their inherent
characteristics, require certain degrees of QoS guarantees. Many technologies are
therefore being developed to enhance the QoS capability of IP networks. Among these
technologies, differentiated services (DiffServ) and MPLS are paving the way for
tomorrow’s QoS services portfolio.
DiffServ is based on a simple model where traffic entering a network is classified, policed, and possibly conditioned at the edges of the network, and assigned to different behavior aggregates. Each behavior aggregate is identified by a single DS codepoint (DSCP). At the core of the network, packets are fast forwarded according to the per-hop behavior (PHB) associated with the DSCP. By assigning traffic of different classes to different DSCPs, the DiffServ network provides different forwarding treatments and thus different levels of QoS.
MPLS integrates the label swapping forwarding paradigm with network layer routing. First, an explicit path, called a label switched path (LSP), is determined, and
established using a signaling protocol. A label in the packet header, rather than the IP
destination address, is then used for making forwarding decisions in the network. Routers that support MPLS are called label switched routers (LSRs). The labels can be assigned to represent routes of various granularities, ranging from as coarse as the destination network down to the level of each single flow. Moreover, numerous traffic engineering functions have been effectively achieved by MPLS. When MPLS is combined with DiffServ and constraint-based routing, they become powerful and complementary abstractions for QoS provisioning in IP backbone networks.
Supporting QoS in 4G networks will be a major challenge due to varying bit
rates, channel characteristics, bandwidth allocation, fault-tolerance levels, and handoff support among heterogeneous wireless networks. QoS support can occur at the packet, transaction, circuit, user, and network levels.
• Packet-level QoS applies to jitter, throughput, and error rate. Network resources such as buffer space and access protocol are likely influences.
• Transaction-level QoS describes both the time it takes to complete a transaction
and the packet loss rate. Certain transactions may be timesensitive, while others cannot tolerate any packet loss.
• Circuit-level QoS includes call blocking for new as well as existing calls. It depends primarily on a network’s ability to establish and maintain the end-to-end circuit. Call routing and location management are two important circuit-level attributes.
• User-level QoS depends on user mobility and application type. The new location may not support the minimum QoS needed, even with adaptive applications. In a complete wireless solution, the end-to-end communication between two users will likely involve multiple wireless networks. Because QoS will vary across different networks, the QoS for such users will likely be the minimum level these networks support.
8. Security
Security in 4G networks mainly involves authentication, confidentiality, ntegrity, and authorization for the access of network connectivity and QoS resources for the MN’s flows. Firstly, the MN needs to prove authorization and authenticate itself while roaming to a new provider’s network. AAA protocols (such as Radius, COPS or Diameter [10]) provide a framework for such support especially for control plane functions (including key establishment between the MN and AR, authenticating the MN with AAA server(s), and installing security policies in the MN or ARs’ data plane such as encryption, ecryption, and filtering), but they are not well suited for mobility scenarios.
There needs to an efficient, scalable approach to address this. The Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) [6], a recently developed IETF protocol, provides a flexible framework for extensible network access authentication and potentially could be useful. Secondly, when QoS is concerned, QoS requests needs to be integrity-protected, and moreover, before allocating QoS resources for an MN’s flow, authorization needs to be performed to avoid denial of service attacks. This requires a hop-by-hop way of dynamic key establishment between QoS-aware entities to be signaled on. Finally, most security concerns in this paper lie in network layer functions: although security can also be provided by higher layers above the network layer (for example TLS [15] provides privacy and data integrity between two communicating applications), our study mostly lies on mobility in the sense of network layer information exchange for mobile devices.
9. Applications
1) Application to Admission Control in Cellular Packet Networks:-
Based on the developing trends of mobile communication, 4G will have broader bandwidth, higher data rate, and smoother and quicker handoff and will focus on ensuring seamless service across a multitude of wireless systems and networks. The key concept is integrating the 4G capabilities with all of the existing mobile technologies through advanced technologies. Application adaptability and being highly dynamic are
the main features of 4G services of interest to users.
Emerging wireless technologies such as 4G tend to be packet-switched rather than circuit-switched because the packet-based architecture allows for better sharing of limited
wireless resources. In a packet network, connections (packet flows) do not require dedicated circuits for the entire duration of the connection. Unfortunately, this enhanced flexibility makes it more difficult to effectively control the admission of connections into the network.
2) 4G in normal life:-
2.1 Traffic Control:-
Beijing is a challenging city for drivers, with or without an Olympics going on. The growing middle class, and their new-found ability to purchase automobiles, is increasing the number of passenger vehicles on the road at a staggering annual rate of 30%. 4G networks can connect traffic control boxes to intelligent transportation management systems wirelessly. This would create a traffic grid that could change light cycle times on demand, e.g., keeping some lights green longer temporarily to improve traffic flow. It also could make vehicle-based on-demand “all green” routes for emergency vehicles responding to traffic accidents, reducing the likelihood that those vehicles will themselves be involved in an accident en route.
Using fiber to backhaul cameras means that the intelligence collected flows one way: from the camera to the command center. Using a 4G network, those images can also be sent from the command center back out to the streets. Ambulances and fire trucks facing congestion can query various cameras to choose an alternate route. Police, stuck in traffic on major thoroughfares, can look ahead and make a decision as to whether it would be faster to stay on the main roads or exit to the side roads.
2.2 Sensors on Public Vehicles:-
Putting a chemical-biological-nuclear (CBN) warning sensor on every government-owned vehicle instantly creates a mobile fleet that is the equivalent of an army of highly trained dogs. As these vehicles go about their daily duties of law enforcement, garbage collection, sewage and water maintenance, etc., municipalities get the added benefit of early detection of CBN agents. The sensors on the vehicles can talk to fixed devices mounted on light poles throughout the area, so positive detection can be reported in real time. And since 4G networks can include inherent geo-location without GPS, first responders will know where the vehicle is when it detects a CBN agent.
3) Security:-
Beijing has already deployed cameras throughout the city and sends those images back to a central command center for the OLYMPIC games2008. This is generally done using fiber, which limits where the cameras can be hung, i.e., no fiber, no camera. 4G networks allow Beijing to deploy cameras and backhaul them wirelessly. And instead of having to backhaul every camera, cities can backhaul every third or fifth or tenth camera, using the other cameras as router/repeaters.
10. Conclusion
As the history of mobile communications shows, attempts have been made to reduce a number of technologies to a single global standard. Projected 4G systems offer this promise of a standard that can be embraced worldwide through its key concept of integration. Future wireless networks will need to support diverse IP multimedia applications to allow sharing of resources among multiple users. There must be a low complexity of implementation and an efficient means of negotiation between the end users and the wireless infrastructure. The fourth generation promises to fulfill the goal of PCC (personal computing and communication)—a vision that affordably provides high data rates everywhere over a wireless network.
Although 4G wireless technology offers higher bit rates and the ability to roam across multiple heterogeneous wireless networks, several issues require further research and development. It is not clear if existing 1G and 2G providers would upgrade to 3G or wait for it to evolve into 4G, completely bypassing 3G. The answer probably lies in the perceived demand for 3G and the ongoing improvement in 2G networks to meet user demands until 4G arrives.
11. REFERENCES
1. "Visions of 4G", B. G. Evans and K. Baughan.
Electronics and Communication Engineering Journal, Dec. 2002.
2. "Fourth Generation Mobile", H. Huomo, Nokia, presented at ACTS Mobile Summit99, Sorrento, Italy, June 1999.
3. "Fourth Generation: Now, It Is Personal", J. M. Pereira, Proceedings of the 11th IEEE
International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, London, UK.
4. “Challenges in the Migration to 4G Mobile Systems”, Hui & Yeung,
IEEE Comm. Mag., Dec 2003.
5. www.4g.co.uk
6. http://www.wiley.com/
7. www.mobilecomms-technology.com
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